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Northeastern US and Hawaii and West Coast Hill Climbs — road gradients measured by LiDAR

Regions: Northeast · Hawaii · West Coast — each with its own map and rankings; the tables below are national.

Road climbs across the six New England states and New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Hawaii, Washington, California and Oregon, measured on the public-domain USGS 3DEP 1 m laser surveys and ranked by the steepest 25 m — part of the HowSteep survey. What the survey is, and how to read a gradient ladder →

Surveyed here: the famous gap roads and hillclimb courses alongside the steep lanes only the locals knew, found by the same systematic search that produced the UK catalogue.

Coverage gaps The survey publishes only where open 1 m LiDAR exists; the map shades that footprint. Partial states:

Every climb here carries a surface chip from its state's own road inventory cross-checked with OSM, and pages say plainly where a check is still pending: canopy corridor checks (the US answer to the missing national surface model) roll out in ranked order, steepest and most contested first. Where LiDAR coverage has gaps, the page says so.

4169 climbs published · 420.5 km of total ascent (a rough total — it adds every small rise in the unsmoothed 1 m profile, noise included) · California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington ·

Map of the Northeastern US and Hawaii and West Coast measured setAll the measured roads on one map →

Surface: · Caveated rows: (ranks stay the true ranks) · paved is preselected and the toggle drives every ranking table below; gravel, mixed and surface-unverified roads appear under all surfaces. Ranked by one steepest window, a row may be a brief sharp pitch or a sustained traditional climb — the Length and Overall columns tell you which.

On this page: steepest 10 m · 25 m · 50 m · 100 m · largest net rise · provisional (59) · all climbs (4169) · under review (931) · toll & park roads — the rankings are the evidence-quality A/B subset; all climbs is every page, review-status and annex entries included.

Steepest 10 m

#ClimbStateMaxLengthOverallSurfaceEvidence
1North Water StreetPennsylvania38%1471 m3.6%pavedHigh
2Ferndale StreetPennsylvania38%418 m10.1%pavedHigh
32nd StreetPennsylvania38%698 m9.0%pavedHigh
4Masontown Woodside RoadPennsylvania37%2229 m4.1%pavedHigh
51st AvenuePennsylvania36%1493 m8.1%pavedHigh
6Oldro Hill RoadNew York≈caveated36%3928 m4.7%pavedGood
7Brant RoadPennsylvania35%450 m12.3%pavedHigh
8Shaw RoadNew York≈caveated34%3304 m5.2%pavedGood
9Lane near Highland Falls (41.3568, -73.9931)New York33%1946 m9.1%pavedGood
10Old National PikePennsylvania≈caveated33%5391 m1.9%pavedGood
11Valerie RunMassachusetts≈caveated33%1019 m5.2%pavedGood
12143 Mountaineer DrivePennsylvania33%1347 m6.9%pavedHigh
13Twin Pines RoadNew York≈caveated33%293 m15.5%pavedGood
14South Rhodes RoadNew York≈caveated33%928 m8.0%pavedGood
15Fargo StreetCalifornia33%179 m26.1%pavedHigh

Steepest 25 m

#ClimbStateMaxLengthOverallSurfaceEvidence
1Ferndale StreetPennsylvania34.3%418 m10.1%pavedHigh
2Fargo StreetCalifornia32.2%179 m26.1%pavedHigh
322nd Street (Church–Vicksburg)California31.7%97 m25.1%pavedHigh
4Filbert Street (Hyde–Leavenworth)California31.6%147 m15.5%pavedHigh
550th StreetPennsylvania31.1%474 m10.1%pavedHigh
6West Holly StreetPennsylvania31.1%647 m8.2%pavedHigh
7North 8th StreetPennsylvania30.6%231 m9.6%pavedHigh
8Valerie RunMassachusetts≈caveated30.0%1019 m5.2%pavedGood
92nd StreetPennsylvania29.9%698 m9.0%pavedHigh
10Earl StreetPennsylvania29.4%571 m10.9%pavedHigh
11Shaw RoadNew York≈caveated29.4%3304 m5.2%pavedGood
12Baxter StreetCalifornia29.3%933 m7.3%pavedGood
13West Ridge StreetPennsylvania29.3%213 m16.0%pavedHigh
14Allison AvenuePennsylvania29.2%297 m16.4%pavedHigh
15Masontown Woodside RoadPennsylvania29.1%2229 m4.1%pavedHigh

Steepest 50 m

#ClimbStateMaxLengthOverallSurfaceEvidence
1Fargo StreetCalifornia32.2%179 m26.1%pavedHigh
222nd Street (Church–Vicksburg)California31.5%97 m25.1%pavedHigh
3Filbert Street (Hyde–Leavenworth)California31.4%147 m15.5%pavedHigh
4Baxter StreetCalifornia29.2%933 m7.3%pavedGood
550th StreetPennsylvania28.9%474 m10.1%pavedHigh
6Ferndale StreetPennsylvania28.7%418 m10.1%pavedHigh
7Dornbush StreetPennsylvania27.8%397 m17.2%pavedHigh
8Maukanani RoadHawaii27.6%383 m18.5%pavedHigh
9Fernwood TrailPennsylvania27.6%408 m14.9%pavedHigh
10West Ridge StreetPennsylvania27.5%213 m16.0%pavedHigh
1122nd StreetCalifornia≈caveated27.5%563 m13.0%pavedGood
1210th StreetPennsylvania27.4%478 m6.1%pavedHigh
13Caperton StreetPennsylvania27.0%605 m7.5%pavedHigh
14Boustead StreetPennsylvania26.8%578 m12.8%pavedHigh
15Thistle AvenueNew Jersey≈caveated26.8%1349 m6.8%pavedGood

Steepest 100 m

#ClimbStateMaxLengthOverallSurfaceEvidence
1Fargo StreetCalifornia32.1%179 m26.1%pavedHigh
2Ferndale StreetPennsylvania27.0%418 m10.1%pavedHigh
3Boustead StreetPennsylvania26.2%578 m12.8%pavedHigh
4Wisconsin StreetCalifornia26.2%589 m11.9%pavedHigh
5Dornbush StreetPennsylvania26.1%397 m17.2%pavedHigh
6Fernwood TrailPennsylvania26.1%408 m14.9%pavedHigh
7Maukanani RoadHawaii25.9%383 m18.5%pavedHigh
810th StreetPennsylvania25.2%478 m6.1%pavedHigh
9Bellaire AvenueNew York≈caveated24.9%616 m11.0%pavedGood
104th Avenue NorthWashington24.8%629 m15.7%pavedHigh
1175th AvenueCalifornia24.8%443 m11.2%pavedHigh
126th StreetPennsylvania24.6%200 m18.7%pavedHigh
13Windsor AvenuePennsylvania24.4%319 m8.4%pavedHigh
14Baxter StreetCalifornia≈caveated24.3%933 m7.3%pavedGood
15Rialto StreetPennsylvania≈caveated24.2%203 m19.0%pavedGood

≈ measured under tree canopy or near a structure at that window — the value stands but is less certain — the flag does not say whether the true value is higher or lower. Rankings include evidence quality A and B only; every row carries its surface chip, and restricted-access roads (toll/park) carry a controlled-access note — a real road lists, with its restriction stated.

Largest net rise

#ClimbStateNet riseTotal ascentLengthOverallSurface
1Mount Equinox (Skyline Drive) · controlled accessVermont970 m981 m8464 m11.5%paved
2Kamehameiki RoadHawaii900 m908 m11791 m7.6%paved
3Crater RoadHawaii899 m908 m16136 m5.6%paved
4Kohala Mountain RoadHawaii839 m888 m18859 m4.4%paved
5Daniel K. Inouye HighwayHawaii817 m818 m13586 m6.0%paved
6Daniel K. Inouye HighwayHawaii817 m817 m13593 m6.0%paved
7Waimea Canyon DriveHawaii702 m736 m10367 m6.8%paved
8Mount Ascutney Parkway · controlled accessVermont695 m696 m5951 m11.7%paved
9Whiteface Mountain Veterans Memorial HighwayNew York692 m693 m8045 m8.6%paved
10Wentworth RoadVermont561 m585 m7257 m7.7%paved
11Burke Mountain Toll Road · controlled accessVermont533 m536 m3882 m13.7%paved
12Mount Greylock (north side)Massachusetts525 m533 m7798 m6.7%paved
13Vermont Route 242Vermont512 m516 m10293 m5.0%paved
14Roxburry Mountain RoadVermont497 m565 m12561 m4.0%paved
15Dogwood DrivePennsylvania477 m516 m6950 m6.9%paved

Net rise is the endpoint elevation difference; total ascent counts every metre climbed, including dips regained — and, since it adds the small rises of an unsmoothed 1 m profile without ever subtracting, read it as indicative rather than surveyed (why).

Provisional measurements

Measured by exactly the same method, but the evidence quality sits below B — usually short-window maxima steep enough to trigger the plausibility review, awaiting a closer look. The numbers stand as measured; treat them as provisional until reviewed. What the evidence-quality letters mean →

ClimbStateLengthOverallMax 25 mSurfaceNotes
Spring Brook RoadNew York1.3 km12.5%29.5%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Allman DriveMassachusetts4.4 km5.3%28.6%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Yochum RoadNew York2.9 km3.8%27.3%≈caveatedpaved
Martin WayPennsylvania0.5 km9.6%27.1%mixed surface33% unpaved
Knox Mountain RoadNew Hampshire2.3 km5.5%26.7%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Stewart StreetPennsylvania0.5 km8.3%26.2%paved
Greene RoadMaine0.3 km15.0%24.5%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), steepest section not in the state road inventory
Raub StreetPennsylvania1.2 km12.1%24.4%paved
Lane near HartwellvilleVermont0.4 km10.4%23.5%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Evergreen RoadPennsylvania1.4 km5.9%23.5%paved
Balcom Hill RoadNew York2.7 km5.3%23.4%≈caveatedpaved
Lane near NorwichMassachusetts0.6 km9.7%23.3%≈caveatedgravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, high confidence
Henderson Station RoadPennsylvania0.7 km8.3%23.1%gravelunpaved throughout
Middleland AvenuePennsylvania0.2 km13.8%22.9%paved
Bryners Mill RoadPennsylvania0.6 km6.8%22.9%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Webster RoadNew York1.1 km9.4%22.9%≈caveatedsurface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use)
Nichols LaneRhode Island0.3 km13.7%22.6%≈caveatedpaved
Glenwood Switch RoadPennsylvania0.4 km7.8%22.6%gravelunpaved throughout
Woodard Hill RoadVermont1.0 km14.0%22.5%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Longview LaneNew York1.1 km7.7%22.3%≈caveatedpaved
Pine Hill RoadPennsylvania0.9 km10.6%21.9%gravelunpaved throughout
Townsand Hollow RoadNew York1.6 km9.8%21.8%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Lane near Beechwood Estates (42.4913, -73.1212)Massachusetts2.9 km10.2%21.7%gravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, high confidence
Lane near Beaver ValleyPennsylvania0.5 km5.5%21.7%paved
Ringe Hill RoadVermont1.2 km11.6%21.6%gravelunpaved throughout
Stage Coach RoadVermont1.9 km12.7%21.6%gravelunpaved throughout, steepest section on an unimproved stretch
Coffee LaneHawaii0.3 km15.6%21.5%≈caveatedsurface unverifiedsurface unrecorded
Bismark AvenueRhode Island0.7 km9.0%21.5%paved
Tetu RoadNew Hampshire2.1 km7.3%21.5%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, steepest section private/impassable in the state inventory
Tetterbark RoadNew York0.6 km7.5%21.4%≈caveatedpaved
Mullen RoadPennsylvania0.5 km7.2%21.3%paved
Debolder RoadNew York0.6 km7.5%21.3%≈caveatedmixed surface74% unpaved, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review
Taggart Hill RoadVermont2.3 km9.5%21.2%gravelunpaved throughout
Bailey Hollow RoadNew York2.6 km7.4%21.1%gravelunpaved throughout, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review
Timmerman RoadNew York1.1 km7.0%21.1%paved
Foxburg RoadPennsylvania0.7 km7.8%21.1%mixed surface94% unpaved
Beach Plum DriveNew York0.3 km10.2%21.0%≈caveatedpaved
Ray RoadPennsylvania1.5 km6.3%21.0%gravelunpaved throughout
Geer Hill RoadNew York0.3 km11.0%21.0%≈caveatedmixed surface75% unpaved
Poplar Run RoadPennsylvania6.5 km6.5%20.9%paved
Steele Corner RoadPennsylvania0.4 km8.0%20.9%paved
River Ridge RoadPennsylvania2.1 km4.6%20.8%gravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, high confidence
East Madrid RoadMaine5.9 km3.0%20.7%mixed surface46% unpaved
Eels RoadNew York2.6 km2.3%20.7%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout
Middletown RoadPennsylvania0.6 km11.1%20.6%paved
Stigers RoadVermont2.3 km9.6%20.5%gravelunpaved throughout
Brook TrailNew York1.3 km8.3%20.3%≈caveatedpavedpossible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review
Portal RoadPennsylvania1.7 km6.8%20.3%paved
Finley AvenuePennsylvania0.4 km10.1%20.3%paved
Tucker Mountain RoadVermont2.7 km6.6%20.1%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout

…and 9 more provisional measurements — see them all in the catalogue.

Browse every climb

Real pages, not a hidden table: each link below is a page of its own with 200 climbs on it, and every one of the 4,169 published climbs appears on exactly one of them.

By State: California 164 · Connecticut 141 · Hawaii 90 · Maine 129 · Massachusetts 241 · New Hampshire 181 · New Jersey 176 · New York 707 · Oregon 21 · Pennsylvania 1758 · Rhode Island 37 · Vermont 441 · Washington 83

Steepest first: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21   A–Z: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

All climbs (4,169)

The complete published US set — ranked rows plus the review-status and annex climbs, labelled. Click a column heading to sort; every filter mirrors into the URL so a view can be shared.

Download the dataset (CSV) ODbL 1.0 OCL format

ClimbStateStatusSurfaceLengthNet riseOverallMax 25 mEvidence

Road status under review

Measured like everything else, but these roads are absent from (or barely touched by) their state's own public-road inventory — there that usually means a forest or camp lane, a private drive, or a map phantom. Three of the first three we hand-checked failed exactly that way, so the whole class sits out of the rankings until verified — each one returns as evidence clears it. Pages stay live and honest.

ClimbStateLengthOverallMax 25 mSurfaceNotes
Discovered lane (43.7491, -72.5031)Vermont1.2 km10.9%41.8%gravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, high confidence, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Stearns Hill RoadVermont1.0 km2.5%36.8%gravelunpaved throughout, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Blue Trail/Robert Frost TrailMassachusetts1.2 km17.5%36.4%gravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, medium confidence, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Dug RoadNew York1.6 km12.0%36.3%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Summit AvenuePennsylvania0.9 km6.8%36.0%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Broderick Street (Vallejo-Broadway)California0.1 km26.4%35.5%≈caveatedsurface unverifiedsurface unrecorded, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near East NorthfieldMassachusetts0.6 km7.2%33.4%≈caveatednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review; the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near Stone ChurchNew York0.4 km6.1%32.9%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review
Crystal RoadPennsylvania0.4 km7.9%32.7%gravelunpaved throughout, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near ShelburneMassachusetts0.7 km15.9%32.7%≈caveatedgravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, medium confidence, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Wall RoadPennsylvania0.6 km11.7%32.6%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Coffee DriveHawaii1.2 km11.8%31.3%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near Hancock (42.5044, -73.3414)Massachusetts0.9 km17.2%30.7%≈caveatedsurface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Thomas StreetCalifornia0.6 km12.3%30.4%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Beiter DrivePennsylvania0.4 km16.4%30.1%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Grass Mountain RoadVermont0.3 km19.8%30.1%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Waipio Valley Road WikipediaHawaii1.2 km21.9%28.9%≈caveatednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near 40.06, -76.84Pennsylvania0.2 km16.1%28.7%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near Beechwood Estates (42.5130, -73.1139)Massachusetts0.6 km13.0%28.2%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near Buckland (42.6074, -72.7305)Massachusetts1.0 km16.3%28.2%≈caveatedgravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, medium confidence, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Northwest Brynwood LaneOregon0.7 km17.3%28.1%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Old Gulf RoadNew Hampshire1.2 km5.0%28.1%gravelunpaved throughout, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review; the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Tampico AvenueCalifornia0.5 km11.6%27.8%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near ShenandoahNew York0.3 km9.9%27.7%≈caveatedsurface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review; the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Stacey Hill RoadNew Hampshire1.5 km6.6%27.7%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Town Highway 33Vermont0.7 km9.7%27.6%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Stevens RoadPennsylvania0.7 km8.7%27.3%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Wolfeboro RoadNew Hampshire0.4 km12.1%27.1%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near Little YorkNew Jersey0.8 km12.5%27.0%≈caveatedpaved (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: paved, medium confidence, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Awakea StreetHawaii5.9 km9.5%27.0%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Jobey Hill RoadMaine0.5 km9.2%26.9%≈caveatedsurface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near Andersontown (40.0840, -76.8218)Pennsylvania0.2 km16.2%26.6%pavedthe steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Evans Mountain RoadNew Hampshire2.1 km5.4%26.5%gravelunpaved throughout, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review; the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near LebanonNew Jersey0.3 km17.8%26.4%≈caveatedpavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near Poke RunPennsylvania0.2 km14.8%26.3%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near WaiauHawaii0.9 km5.3%26.3%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Ober Hill RoadVermont0.6 km11.1%26.3%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Akins RoadPennsylvania0.2 km11.9%26.2%gravelunpaved throughout, not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lane near RockeyPennsylvania0.3 km12.0%26.1%pavedthe steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
High Ridge DriveNew Jersey0.5 km7.6%26.1%≈caveatedpavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Lovejoy Mountain RoadMaine0.9 km9.5%26.0%≈caveatedgravel (estimated)surface estimated from imagery and LiDAR: gravel, medium confidence, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Old Moses Farm RoadVermont0.3 km16.4%26.0%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lovers Leap RoadPennsylvania0.4 km10.2%25.8%≈caveatedpavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely, possible unmapped bridge or hollow at the steepest section — pending human review
Oakland AvenuePennsylvania0.7 km6.0%25.7%pavednot in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Gates LaneVermont0.7 km6.4%25.5%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Lane near Andersontown (40.0598, -76.8390)Pennsylvania0.4 km10.2%25.5%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Purinton RoadVermont1.0 km11.4%25.2%≈caveatedgravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Annette StreetCalifornia0.6 km9.2%25.2%surface unverifiedsurface unrecorded (imagery estimate too uncertain to use), not in the state road inventory — forest/camp lane or private drive likely
Herring RoadMassachusetts0.5 km14.7%25.2%pavedthe steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review
Plumb RoadVermont0.5 km12.8%25.1%gravelunpaved throughout, the steepest stretch looks like a track rather than a made road — pending human review

…and 881 more roads under review — see them all in the catalogue.

Toll and park roads rank too — with their restriction stated

6 toll roads and state-park summit roads (Mount Washington among them) are fully measured and rank in the tables above — a real road lists, with its restriction noted rather than silently ranked away. Their rows carry a controlled-access note (fees, gates, seasons) and each page has the details.

Sources & credit

Elevation: USGS 3DEP 1 m LiDAR (public domain, courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey), with point-cloud canopy checks from the USGS 3DEP lidar point cloud and, in Vermont, cross-checks against VCGI's statewide DSM. Road geometry: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). Summit and gap positions verified against GNIS, the federal gazetteer. Surface classifications cross-checked against state road inventories (VTrans E911 in Vermont). Race-venue recognition verified against each race's own public materials. Updated 10 October 2026 — what changed. Full terms: licensing & reuse.